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When photovoltaic panels are not oriented vertically toward the Sun, uneven heating on their sides causes expansion on one side and contraction on the other, aligning the panels as closely as possible with the Sun to achieve tracking objectives.
Two bifacial photovoltaic panel systems connected to the grid are set up on the roof of a residential structure. The first system consisted of seven panels installed at a tilt angle of 27 o, facing south. The second system comprises seven vertically installed panels facing west.
The vertical installation exhibited a ~ 1678 kWh/kWp performance ratio, retaining ~82% of the tilted installation energy yield. The results underscore the feasibility and advantages of employing vertically installed bifacial photovoltaic panels in residential settings, particularly in limited areas.
Winston et al. used feed-forward backpropagation neural networks and support vector machines (SVMs) to identify defects in a variety of photovoltaic (PV) modules, including microcracks and hot spots. In contrast to these image-based approaches, some studies have adopted data-driven methods for PV fault detection.