However, due to their high radio frequency and limited coverage, the construction and operation of 5G base stations can lead to significant energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. To address this challenge, scholars have focused on developing sustainable 5G base stations.
Micro base stations, on the other hand, are smaller and more flexible, allowing them to supplement the peripheral communication that cannot be covered by macro stations, thereby improving communication quality and capacity. Therefore, micro stations play a critical role in 5G planning.
The power consumption of a single macro base station is approximately 5 kW, whereas a Pico Cell requires only about 10 W (Bolla et al., 2012; Deruyck et al., 2014; Hu & Yi, 2014). Deploying multiple micro base stations to cover the blind spots of a macro base station will reduce power consumption during operation, thereby reducing carbon emissions.
One such approach, as suggested by Tsilimantos et al. (2013), involves closing a specific macro base station, followed by adjusting the transmitting power of the remaining base stations to maintain the coverage area of the macro station system before and after hibernation.
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However, due to their high radio frequency and limited coverage, the construction and operation of 5G base stations can lead to significant energy consumption and greenhouse gas
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